Marlene Roselló-Araya, Unidad de Salud y Nutrición, Instituto Costarricense de Investigación y Enseñanza en Nutrición y Salud, Cartago, La Unión, Costa Rica
Sonia Guzmán-Padilla, Unidad de Salud y Nutrición, Instituto Costarricense de Investigación y Enseñanza en Nutrición y Salud, Cartago, La Unión, Costa Rica
Ana G. Aráuz-Hernández, Nutricionista Investigadora, Instituto Costarricense de Investigación y Enseñanza en Nutrición y Salud (INCIENSA), Área de Salud y Nutrición, Tres Ríos, Cartago, Costa Rica
Daniela Arias-Rivera, Nutricionista, pasantes, Instituto Costarricense de Investigación y Enseñanza en Nutrición y Salud (INCIENSA), Unidad de Salud y Nutrición, Costa Rica
Monserrat Schmidt-Zumbado, Nutricionista, pasantes, Instituto Costarricense de Investigación y Enseñanza en Nutrición y Salud (INCIENSA), Unidad de Salud y Nutrición, Costa Rica
Meriánn Vargas-Zamora, Nutricionista, pasantes, Instituto Costarricense de Investigación y Enseñanza en Nutrición y Salud (INCIENSA), Unidad de Salud y Nutrición, Costa Rica
Chronic obstructive airways diseases afflict millions of people worldwide, being responsible for significant morbidity and mortality. Despite progresses in the understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms and advances in the therapeutic interventions, neither asthma nor chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) can be cured as yet, although both diseases can be optimally controlled. Inhaler therapy plays a crucial role in achieving this and allows personalised treatment strategies to patients. However, satisfactory adherence and correct technique in the use of inhaler devices can be particularly challenging. The present review aims to present updated and evidence-based literature findings to shed light on the role and relevance of inhaler devices in chronic obstructive airways diseases and provide readers with clear information and advice about the use of inhalers in the variety of options available, to recognise the crucial inhaler errors and gain an insight with respect to recent innovation addressing the unmet needs in the field age of 53 ± 11. A significant decrease in the following biochemical and anthropometric variables was achieved: glycosylated hemoglobin (from 8.76 ± 2.14 to 7.81 ± 1.78%), fasting glycemia (from 173.3 ± 76 to 152.3 ± 63.47 mg/dl), postprandial glycemia (from 181.7 ± 79.9 to 161.7 ± 71.9 mg/dl), triglycerides (from 247.5 ± 192.88 to 220.9 ± 185.1 mg/dl), and abdominal circumference (a 1.1 cm reduction). Obesity was most frequent in women (51.2%) compared to men (17.3%, p = 0.001). Regarding dietary variables, an adjustment was detected in meal times, especially in the consumption of snacks. An improvement on daily distribution of carbohydrates, on the consumption of legumes, fruits, and vegetables, and an increase in protein food sources were also observed. Conclusions: The participation in the PINEC intervention, based on therapeutic education, showed a positive effect on metabolic and cardiovascular health, self-care behaviors, and quality of life in patients with diabetes.
Keywords: Diabetes mellitus. Educational intervention. Therapeutic education. Metabolic control.
